
Emancipation Era
Chapter 12: Sectional Crisis 1849 ― 1860
Condemned Compromise 1849-1853
Bleeding Kansas 1853-1857
A House Divided 1857-1860

Manifest Destiny 1841 ― 1849
Civil War 1860 ― 1865
Documents
Master Index
Biographies

Walter Mondale (1928-2021) was a Minnesota lawyer and politician who served as attorney general, U.S. senator, and vice president under Jimmy Carter. As vice president, he worked unusually closely with Carter and helped establish the modern vice president as an active presidential adviser. After leaving office, Mondale became the Democratic presidential nominee in 1984 and later served as ambassador to Japan.
Walter
Mondale

Richard B. Cheney (1941-2025) was a Wyoming congressman, White House chief of staff, and secretary of defense before becoming vice president under George W. Bush. He served two terms from 2001 to 2009 and played a major role in the administration's national-security and foreign-policy decisions. His career encompasses more than four decades of federal public service and executive-branch leadership.
Dick
Cheney

Joe Biden (1942-) is an American politician who served as the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025, following 36 years as a U.S. senator from Delaware and eight years as vice president under Barack Obama. His presidency focused on rebuilding the economy after the COVID-19 pandemic, investing in infrastructure and domestic manufacturing, expanding clean-energy programs, strengthening U.S. alliances, while facing controversies over inflation, immigration, Afghanistan, and his age.
Joe
Biden

Donald Trump (1946-) is an American businessman and television personality who became the 45th and later the 47th president of the United States. His political career transformed the Republican Party and was defined by an “America First” agenda emphasizing immigration restriction, trade protection, deregulation, and a more assertive approach to executive power.
Donald
Trump

George W. Bush (1946-) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009 during a period defined by the War on Terror. Before becoming president, he worked in the oil industry, and served two terms as governor of Texas. After leaving office, Bush focused on charitable work, veterans' initiatives, global health.
George
W. Bush

Bill Clinton (1946-) was the 42nd president of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001 during a period marked by economic growth, declining unemployment, and the end of the Cold War era. A centrist Democrat, he promoted policies including welfare reform, consumer rights, deficit reduction, expanded trade, and economic development while also pursuing an active foreign policy. His presidency was ultimately defined both by its economic successes and by scandal.
Bill
Clinton

























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