
Emancipation Era
Chapter 12: Sectional Crisis 1849 ― 1860
Condemned Compromise 1849-1853
Bleeding Kansas 1853-1857
A House Divided 1857-1860

Manifest Destiny 1841 ― 1849
Civil War 1860 ― 1865
Documents
Master Index
Biographies

Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) rose from Maryland county government to become governor and then Richard Nixon's vice president. His nationally prominent speeches became a feature of Nixon's political strategy, but a separate federal corruption investigation led to his resignation in October 1973. Gerald Ford succeeded him under the newly established procedure of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
Spiro
Agnew

George H. W. Bush (1924-2018) was the 41st President of the United States, whose long career in government included service as a congressman, diplomat, CIA director, and vice president. His presidency was defined by the end of the Cold War, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Persian Gulf War, and major domestic legislation. Bush left a legacy as an experienced and pragmatic statesman whose emphasized diplomacy and international cooperation.
George
H. W. Bush

Jimmy Carter (1924-2024) was the 39th president of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 during economic challenges, energy shortages, and international crises. His presidency achieved significant diplomatic successes, while his administration also promoted human rights, energy conservation, and environmental protection. After leaving office, Carter became a leading humanitarian through the Carter Center, earning the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.
Jimmy
Carter

Walter Mondale (1928-2021) was a Minnesota lawyer and politician who served as attorney general, U.S. senator, and vice president under Jimmy Carter. As vice president, he worked unusually closely with Carter and helped establish the modern vice president as an active presidential adviser. After leaving office, Mondale became the Democratic presidential nominee in 1984 and later served as ambassador to Japan.
Walter
Mondale

Joe Biden (1942-) is an American politician who served as the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025, following 36 years as a U.S. senator from Delaware and eight years as vice president under Barack Obama. His presidency focused on rebuilding the economy after the COVID-19 pandemic, investing in infrastructure and domestic manufacturing, expanding clean-energy programs, strengthening U.S. alliances, while facing controversies over inflation, immigration, Afghanistan, and his age.
Joe
Biden

Donald Trump (1946-) is an American businessman and television personality who became the 45th and later the 47th president of the United States. His political career transformed the Republican Party and was defined by an “America First” agenda emphasizing immigration restriction, trade protection, deregulation, and a more assertive approach to executive power.
Donald
Trump

























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